International Journal of Innovative Research and Development

Abstract

Private enterprises occupy a significant position in the economic sphere of most countries both developed and developing. Most work forces are employed in these sectors and therefore most of the domestic income generated by way of taxes would have been expected from these sectors. To take advantage of this, government has over the years introduced a series of tax reforms, among which include the tax stamp for very small and micro enterprises (VSMEs).Although these reforms led to a significant increase in government revenue, its percentage to GDP was very low.  The paper’s objective was to investigate how the tax stamp strategy has enhanced income tax compliance by micro-enterprises.  It specifically assessed the performance of the Tax Stamp strategy in terms of revenue mobilization and the challenges confronting it. The methodology applied was the mixed method under the multiple methods choices which embraces the complementarities of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The findings were that the tax stamp strategy has great potential in-terms of revenue mobilization. It increased income tax revenue from the Small and Micro Taxpayers (SMTs) in the informal sector by about 4 times (393%) for the period 2005 to 2013. Its introduction has made some tax payers’ become aware of their obligations under the tax law. Nonetheless some deficiencies in the implementation strategies did not effectively translate the awareness to compliance.

The paper recommends that to improve the level of income tax compliance by the informal sector, a concerted, long-term, and well coordinated tutoring and enforcement plans should be developed and backed by all stakeholders with a high level of commitment aside from politics.

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Peasant farming is an inevitable system of farming associated with rural subsistent farming.  Be it crop, livestock or mixed farming, risk is equally inevitable right from the preparation of the farm, the cultivation through to the harvesting of the crops and its storage.  Risk on the Agriculture industry like all facets of life, is looked at in terms of the exposure of one or an operation to uncertainties of loss. This study adopted the qualitative research design.  Primary data was collected from 100 peasant farmers consisting of 20 randomly selected from five purposively sampled communities in the then Kassena Nankana Municipal.  The findings of the study are that peasantry may forever exist among rural subsistent farmers in Northern Ghana with farmers cultivating less than five acres in a season. These farmers are exposed to all sorts of risks ranging from natural, social, economic to physical risks. The farmers adopt farming methods like mono or mix cropping, mixed farming and spiritual cover from their ancestors to mitigate the impact of their losses.  There is no known scientific insurance policy available to cover their risks. Evaluating the insurability of these risks, it was found that most of the natural and physical risks can easily be covered by an insurance policy. The economic and social risk exposures although seems difficult to be cover as specific perils they could be integrated in a multiple risk policy. The insurer can be catered for the interventions of NADMO and other agencies to support disaster victims by applying the principles of Contribution and subrogation to ensure that the Insureds do not make profits on the claims. The study thus recommends the introduction of a micro insurance package for peasant farmers.

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This paper finds out the prospect of ethical consultancy in Ghana using some organisations in the Upper East and Northern Regions as a case study. A survey questionnaire based on the organogram used by Luu & Safia (2014) was employed. Empirical evidence revealed that there are ethical challenges within the organisations. There exist ethical officers in some of the organisations whose roles and positions on the organisations’  organogram are unknown to the responded staff. The grounds for ethical consultants is fertile and its prospect is real in Ghana.

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